Windows on the Bowery

LES Black and Red by Dennis RedMoon Darkeem

Five Points

Watchmen, Early Law Enforcement, and Old Hays, NYC’s Last High Constable

1863 The Civil War Draft Riots: An Attack on Black New Yorkers

“Separate but Equal”: From the African Free Schools to the New York City Public School System

“In Counting There is Strength” – The Rise of Tammany Hall, A Growing Immigrant Population, and the Birth & Abolishment of NYC’s First Police Force