LES Black and Red by Dennis RedMoon Darkeem

Five Points

Watchmen, Early Law Enforcement, and Old Hays, NYC’s Last High Constable

1863 The Civil War Draft Riots: An Attack on Black New Yorkers

“Separate but Equal”: From the African Free Schools to the New York City Public School System

“In Counting There is Strength” – The Rise of Tammany Hall, A Growing Immigrant Population, and the Birth & Abolishment of NYC’s First Police Force